Abstract
Plant diseases are a major constraint to crop productivity and food security, often causing substantial economic losses worldwide. Early and accurate detection of plant diseases is critical for effective management and mitigation, yet traditional methods rely heavily on manual inspection and expert knowledge, which can be time-consuming, inconsistent, and inaccessible to many...
Individual tree crown detection (ITCD) and tree species classification are critical for forest inventory, species-specific monitoring, and ecological studies. However, accurately detecting tree crowns and identifying species in structurally complex forests with overlapping canopies remains challenging. This study was conducted in a complex mixed conifer–broadleaf forest in northern Japan,...
